Without
much Model T experience, I was blissfully unaware of the problems often
caused by original rear axle thrust washers. These washers, spacers
which keep
the differential and rear axles centered in the housings, were
originally made of a babbitt material which over the decades becomes
brittle and eventually disintegrates. The loss of those thrust washers
allows the axles and differential to shift sideways, which presents some serious potential problems. I
knew nothing of this when I was driving down the street and my right
rear wheel seized up. I got the car off the street, managed to put it
on a trailer I brought from home, and hauled it away.
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When
I pulled off the
seized
right rear wheel I found that the brake shoes had been broken up by the
hub bolts and nuts. Without knowing what had caused this, I
ordered new brake shoes, installed them, and thought I had fixed the
problem. I drove the car with the new brake shoes and all seemed fine.
But meanwhile, I was reading the MTFCA online forum and starting to
find out
about those thrust washers. So when I heard an odd sound from the rear
end while driving, I removed the filler plug, stuck in a finger,
and pulled out silvery oil with little chunks in it. That told me
it was time to rebuild the rear axle. Fortunately the MTFCA axle book
by Glen Chaffin tells how to do the job.
Before going on with more about rebuilding the rear axle, let's be clear about why this is important. When those thrust washers disappear, the differential and rear axles can shift to the left, pulling the hub nuts and bolts into the brake shoes and making the kind of mess pictured above. But wait, that's not all. In fact, it's a minor inconvenience compared to what else can happen. As the differential shifts to the left, the ring gear becomes disengaged from the pinion. At this point the wheels are no longer connected to the engine and transmission, and the car is freewheeling. To make this even more exciting, you no longer have a foot brake. Very disappointing things can result.
There are other symptoms than rear brake destruction that may indicate thrust washer failure. Sometimes there's a click, a thump, or a grinding sound, especially on turns. Sounds can travel on a T, and it's not always obvious where the source of the sound is. Sometimes people think it's coming from the transmission, or even the engine, when it's actually from the rear axle.
So anytime you have a Model T and don't know whether the babbitt thrust washers have been replaced, the wisest course of action is to open up the rear end and find out. A good way to support the vehicle when you remove the rear end is with a six foot piece of heavy two inch square tubing. Supported by a pair of stands, the tubing goes under the frame, behind the muffler. The stands will be just forward of the axles and present no obstacle when you pull the rear end back from under the car.
Here's the inside of an axle
housing after the old babbitt thrust washers have done their thing, and
the
biggest remaining chunks of the old washers, and an original thrust
washer with its new bronze replacement in front of it.Before going on with more about rebuilding the rear axle, let's be clear about why this is important. When those thrust washers disappear, the differential and rear axles can shift to the left, pulling the hub nuts and bolts into the brake shoes and making the kind of mess pictured above. But wait, that's not all. In fact, it's a minor inconvenience compared to what else can happen. As the differential shifts to the left, the ring gear becomes disengaged from the pinion. At this point the wheels are no longer connected to the engine and transmission, and the car is freewheeling. To make this even more exciting, you no longer have a foot brake. Very disappointing things can result.
There are other symptoms than rear brake destruction that may indicate thrust washer failure. Sometimes there's a click, a thump, or a grinding sound, especially on turns. Sounds can travel on a T, and it's not always obvious where the source of the sound is. Sometimes people think it's coming from the transmission, or even the engine, when it's actually from the rear axle.
So anytime you have a Model T and don't know whether the babbitt thrust washers have been replaced, the wisest course of action is to open up the rear end and find out. A good way to support the vehicle when you remove the rear end is with a six foot piece of heavy two inch square tubing. Supported by a pair of stands, the tubing goes under the frame, behind the muffler. The stands will be just forward of the axles and present no obstacle when you pull the rear end back from under the car.
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 Dan Treace photo |
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If
you open up a rear axle and find babbitt thrust washers or their
remains, the MTFCA axle book by Glen Chaffin tells you almost all
you need to know. It provides guidance on what to do and how to do it
and is readily available from the MTFCA at http://modeltstore.myshopify.com/products/service-manuals
and from all the Model T parts vendors. The MTFCA also has how-to
videos, but the grease smudges on my book show that I found it a
handier reference to use while I was working on the project. It's
faster than going through a video to find the part about what you're
doing at the moment. My one quibble with the book is that it's impartial about whether to use the original pinion bearing setup or a modern replacement. Most "improvements" for the Model T aren't. But after attempting to go original on my first rear axle rebuild, I'll always use the Fun Projects replacement from now on. I wasted my money and time trying to install a new pinion bearing inner sleeve, and found the job too much for me. I ended up with the thing partly on and stuck, and finally cut it off with a grinder and ordered the Fun Projects kit at http://www.funprojects.com/. Experienced T guys whose opinions I respect recommend it.  In
addition to the MTFCA books on various areas of Model T repair, one of
the first Model T
parts every new owner should buy is the Ford shop manual
available in reproduction from all the parts vendors. This and the
MTFCA books will tell you almost all you need to know. The Model T is
relatively simple, but it's different from other cars. If you just dive
in without some guidance you may be surprised at what you find, and
consulting the books first can save you a lot of grief, hassle, and
expense. |
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